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What is Valve Proton? The Steam Deck’s live-or-die Linux software, explained
The Steam Deck's success will hinge on Proton, a Valve technology
that lets Windows games run on Linux. Here's what you need to know.
Looking at the spec sheet alone, the $399 Steam Deck gaming handheld should be a winner—and early Steam Deck reviews
certainly suggest Valve nailed it on the hardware front. The PC-centric
Nintendo Switch rival features a big 7-inch touchscreen, plenty of
control inputs, an all-AMD chip based on the same hardware inside the
Xbox Series S|X and PlayStation 5, and the ability to double as a
full-fledged Linux PC. But forget the hardware. While it’s impressive
indeed, the Steam Deck will sink or swim based on its software, and that
means Valve awesome Proton technology is about to be thrust into the
spotlight.
The Steam Deck
will sprint to a larger software library than most gaming handhelds
because you’ll be able to tap into decades of existing PC games through
your Steam account, rather than having to wait for new releases made
specifically for the fresh hardware. But most of those games were
created for Windows, and the Steam Deck runs on Valve’s Linux-based
SteamOS operating system instead. Proton (via Steam Play) lets Windows
games run on Linux. It works very well much of the time, but
it’s not perfect—and the Steam Deck’s success probably depends on just
how much Valve can polish up Proton before the handheld’s February 25
launch. The best hardware in the world is only as good as the software
that runs on it, after all.
Here’s a high-level look at what you need to know about Proton, the Steam Deck’s secret software sauce.
What is Steam Proton?
At a high level, Proton is a compatibility layer that allows Windows
games to run on Linux-based operating systems (such as the Steam Deck’s
SteamOS). In the past, playing PC games on Linux required you to run
Steam games through software called Wine (an acronym for “Wine is not an
emulator.”). Valve worked with CodeWeavers developers to build Proton
as a fork of Wine, then baked the technology right into Steam itself as
part of Steam Play, the company’s “buy once, play on any PC platform”
endeavor.
Valve created Proton after its living room-focused Steam Machine initiative failed, partly because of their reliance on the much-smaller Linux gaming library. “There was always kind of this classic chicken and egg problem with the Steam Machine,” designer Scott Dalton told IGN. “That led us down this path of Proton, where now there’s all these games that actually run.”
If you’re interested in industry inside baseball, Proton and SteamOS also double as a potential escape hatch from Windows if Valve ever needs it.
How do you set up Steam Proton?
Currently, Steam for Linux does not flip on Proton by
default. You need to manually enable it or stick to games that offer a
native Linux port. Considering how few games offer native Linux
versions, we’re strongly hoping Valve makes Proton/Steam Play enabled by
default on the Steam Deck, or there will be a lot of unhappy customers.
If you’re already using Linux, you can turn on Proton by opening your
Steam settings and clicking on the “Steam Play” option at the bottom of
the navigation pane. (The option won’t be visible on Windows PCs.)
There, you’ll see a box you can check to “Enable Steam Play for
supported titles.” That turns on Proton for games confirmed to work well
with the technology, added to a whitelist by Valve. You’ll also see an
advanced option to “Enable Steam Play for all other titles,” which will
flip on Proton for everything after you restart the client.
Will all my games work on Steam Deck with Proton?
Will all games work? That’s the million dollar question.
Valve has been steadily improving Proton ever since it launched in 2018, and many—most,
even—Windows games run pretty well via Steam Play with little to no
tinkering. Your best resource for determining how a game runs is the
utterly fantastic ProtonDB,
a community-made treasure trove of information that currently tracks
almost 19,000 games, of which over 15,000 work on Linux. The site also
maintains a very helpful troubleshooting FAQ for Proton games. (Be sure to leave reports of your own if you use Proton and Steam Play!)
As those numbers indicate, some games are just plain “borked” on
Linux, to borrow ProtonDB’s term. The most common casualties? Sadly, the
most popular games around—battle royale games and esports titles.
Proton’s compatibility layer tweaks don’t play nice with the anti-cheat
software deployed in widely played online games. Valve made sure to get
its own Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and Team Fortress 2 running on Linux, but heavy hitters like PlayerUnknown’s Battlegrounds, New World, Apex Legends, and Destiny 2 still won’t run.
Screenshot of ProtonDB.com
That’s a massive bummer, and as you can see from the ProtonDB stats
about game compatibility above, it means that many of the most popular
games in the world couldn’t be played on a Steam Deck currently. Epic
recently stated it won’t work to support Fortnite on the Steam
Deck either. (Notice how the percentage of red “borked” games in the top
ten is much, much, much higher than in the top 100 and top 1000—that’s
because those multiplayer games dominate the top-played charts.)
Valve understands what a huge roadblock this could be. While BattlEye
and the Epic-owned Easy Anti-Cheat lacked Proton support whatsoever
when the Steam Deck was announced, but Valve has worked with those
developers to get the technology up and running on SteamOS. At the end
of January 2022, in a Steam Deck Anti-Cheat Update,
Valve declared that “Our team has been working with Epic on Easy
Anti-Cheat + Proton support over the last few months, and we’re happy to
announce that adding Steam Deck support to your existing EAC games is
now a simple process, and doesn’t require updating game binaries, SDK
versions, or integration of EOS. Alongside our BattlEye updates from
last year, this means that the two largest anti-cheat services are now
easily supported on Proton and Steam Deck.”
Developers still need to update their games to support the
technologies on SteamOS, but with BattlEye and Easy Anti-Cheat now
playing nice with Proton, the Steam Deck will launch with its biggest
hurdle already cleared. That doesn’t mean everything is roses and
sunshine though. As you see in the ProtonDB screenshot above, about 20
percent of the top 100 and 1000 games on Steam lack a Gold+
compatibility rating with Proton, and Linus Tech Tips noticed that Forza Horizon 5
suffered from some bizarre physics and lighting effects even when
running at 60 frames per second. The vast majority of games run very
well on Proton already, and that’s a monumental success for Valve and
Linux gaming alike, but every hiccup and pain point could potentially be
a deal-breaker for casual users enticed by the Steam Deck’s juicy $400
selling price.
All the appealing hardware
and just-as-appealing prices won’t matter if PC gamers can’t play their
favorite games on Valve’s handheld. As a general consumer device, the
Steam Deck will live or die on the back on Proton—and whether Steam Play
can indeed coax multiplayer developers into supporting it. Fingers
crossed.
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I had to blink a few times at today's
news from Valve HQ. While we knew it was working on something special to
run Windows games on the Steam for Linux client, I didn't expect an
announcement this huge, and I didn't expect it so soon. Let's not draw
out the suspense. Here's a quote directly from Valve:
"Windows games with no Linux version currently available can now be
installed and run directly from the Linux Steam client, complete with
native Steamworks and OpenVR support."
Valve just dropped what's arguably the biggest and most exciting news
to hit Linux in years, and that includes SteamOS and the (admittedly
failed) Steam Machines movement. This is a different animal. For folks
who've wanted to ditch Windows and cite gaming as their biggest reason not to, this could change a lot of minds. Let's get into the details.
For the past two years, Valve has been funding and working on
improving existing solutions for Linux that offer compatibility layers
for Windows games, such as WINE.
WINE, maintained by CodeWeavers, is by far the most widely used tool
that allows most -- but not all -- Windows games and software to run on
Linux with varying degrees of success. But it's often tricky to get them
running smoothly, if at all, even with more elegant software front-ends
like Lutris.
Valve is seemingly taking the headaches out of the equation. No more
tinkering, no more dependency nightmares, no more guesswork. They've
developed their own libraries and a custom version of WINE called
Proton. It's open source,
meaning anyone can contribute to it and use their own versions within
Steam. All of this is being released inside a new Beta version of Steam
Play.
Fans of Vulkan, the "close to the metal" graphics API used in games like DOOM,
will certainly love the next bit of news: Valve has also made
significant contributions to DXVK, and VKD3D, projects that essentially
convert DirectX 11 and DirectX 12 (respectively) API calls to Vulkan on
the fly. With the Steam Play update on Linux, all DX11 and DX12
implementations are now based on Vulkan. This means a dramatic
performance boost compared to OpenGL.